what is batch controller?

A total used to verify batch input. Batch controls might check data items such as records and numeric field totals

What is baseline?

A formal reference point that measures system characteristics at a specific time. System annalists use baselines as yardsticks to documents futures and performance during the systems development process.

what is batch?

A group of data usually inputted into an information system at the same time.

what is backup?

The process of saving a series of files or data copies to be remained for a specified period of time. Data can be backed up continuously, or at prescribed intervals.

what is automated facsimile?

A system that allows a customer to request a fax using e mail, the company web site, or a telephone. the response is transmitted in a matter of second back to the user's fax machine.

what is authorization zone ?

part of a form that contain any required signature.

what are audit fields?

these are special fields within data records to provide additional control or security information. Typical audit fields include the data the record was created and modified, the name of the user who performed the action, and the number of times the record has been accessed.

what is attribute?

A single characteristic or fact about an entity. An attribute , or field , is smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system. In object oriented analysis, an attribute is a part of a class diagram. that describe the characteristics of object in a class. also known as a data element.

who is application programmer?

A person who works on new systems development and achieved the storage of the previous vision of a system when a new version is installed.

what is ASP?

ASP stands for , A firm that delivers a software application , or access to an application, by charting a usage or usage or subscription fee.

what is application generator?

An application generator is also called a code generator, allows you to develop computer programs rapidly by translating all logical model directly into code.

what is application developement development?

the process of constructing the program and code module that are the building blocks of an information system. Application development is handled by an application development group within a traditional IT development that composed of systems analysts and programs who handle information system design , development and implementation.

What is activity diagram?

A diagram that resembles a horizontal flow chart that shows the order in which actions take place and identify the outcome.

What is acceptance test?

It is a system test. Acceptance testing involves the entire information system. An acceptance test includes all typical processing situations. During an acceptance test, users enter data, including samples of actual, or life data, perform queries and produce reports to simulate actual operating conditions. All processing options and outputs are verified by users and the IT project development team to ensure that the system functions correctly.

What is absolute date?

The absolute date stands for total number of days from specific based date. To calculate the number of days between two absolute dates between two absolute dates, you subtract one date from other.

Singapore airline SWOT analyse

Introduction
Singapore international airline has started its journey as Malayan airline in 1947. It was joint venture airline between the two governments of Malaysia and Singapore. It served primarily in the south East Asian region. Singapore Airline was born in 1972 after the independent. Singapore airline faced many difficulties to get the competitive advantages. There were no domestic routes to serve, it was forced to straight away start competing with international airlines for routes, getting right to use to airports, securing flight slots and landing rights, and attracting a new customer base.
They built on branded service/ products differentiation strategy from 1972. Modernism, high quality technology, quality services for instant hot meal in flight is introduced by SIA and brilliant customer service were the major drivers of the brand.
The company started growing extending services cargo, operates more than seventy destinations, SIA engineering company and SATS. They have young fleets and most technological commercial flights and other subsidiaries’ are Skil Air, Trade winds.
They have a strong relationship with the communities, such as education field, needy, handicapped children through sports, arts, and educational supports.
 
Question 1
Strategic role – identify / analyze
The mission statement of the company
Strength and weakness, thread and opportunities to the organization
Answer
Singapore International airline Mission statement
“Global company for providing air transportation services of the highest quality and to maximize returns for the benefit of its shareholders and employees”
They are focusing their current services providing good quality services. No differentiation in treating the customer classes. The Singaporean girls are the customer service (Singapore girls symbol is an indication of the quality customer care and service). Their relationship with the passengers (well treatment, good communication, and hard works on board) and expanding services globally owns many subsidiaries. Maximize the returns and benefit its shareholders and their employees.  
SWOT analyzing areas of Singapore airline
Analyzing internal factors
Strength
• Singapore international airline culture is a corporate culture, their corporate culture encourage the labours to improve cabin services. The employee unions are clearly stabled in their work. They classified their employees unions according their employment. Company culture leads the SIA to get the competitive advantage. According to businessweek.com Michael Tan, SIA's Senior Executive Vice-President (Commercial)’s statement their company culture is competing in the marketing lead front.
• The Singapore airline’s image and reputation are shown high impact on the people in Singapore and the passengers who are from worldwide locations love to fly on the SIA. This is strength of the company. Their services toward their regular customers are encouraged the people to switch it back to SIA.
• Structure of the SIA is strong enough. They are having subsidiaries’ this wills to give more profits and they formed subsidiaries in Singapore out of Singapore. They are providing not only passengers transporting services but also they are providing cargo services, around eight countries. SIA has fully owned no frill airline services. These structures are holding the SIA’s market share in high level.
• Employees are the asset of their strategic. They are recruited from the global labor markets. The pilots also recruited from the global markets. Around 30000 specialized in their fields. SIA is getting high effective and efficient work from their employees.
• They have established hubs and subsidiaries in many countries it is strength of managing their resources effective and efficiency. It will increase the profit of SIA.
• SIA has the strong experience of more than fifty years from the beginning of the MSA. Experience is also strength of SIA. Because it is widely known its services in time based. It will have good experience management and managers. Experience came up with new ideas to satisfy their customers.
• Online ticket booking reduce the operational cost. For instant it will reduce the cost forming agency offices and marketers cost. It will widely cover the people. Customers no needs to search for SIA office just click and book the ticket.
• SIA has a big operational capacity it is strength of the company. It has hub in Singapore and widely giving its services to many countries and get more income. It will get fuels in from its subsidiaries’ which are located in other countries. Because petrol cost in Singapore is high. It will reduce the operational cost.
• SIA market share report in 2002 December is 18.47 per cent. Recent report is around 25 per cent. The growth of the market share is strength.
• No language dependent in Asian region customer services. So people who are in Asian region like travel on SIA, because of their good customer services. It builds the SIAs market share in Asian region.
• SIA won many awards.

Weakness
• Less moral among different staff, their company culture they classified staff unions according to their employments. Different union have different moral. For an instant according to the business article, a staff was slapped by another staff in front of many passengers. It will lead to labor union strike.
• Their air port location is a weakness because. It is high security and a busy airport. High tax and high penalty for delay takeoff. It leads the operational cost high.
• Online marketing system has a problem did not give the clear instruction of the locations. Majority of people search the location according to the country not city. For instant I am going to visit to Malaysia this is my first journey to Malaysia and first time I am going to book online on SIA. I’ll search Malaysia first. But the booking they only placed Kulau lumpur. So this online booking only support to the regular customers it doesn’t support new flyer.

Analyzing external factors
Opportunities
• Singapore people are thinking SIA is their asset, they are commenting on SIAs weakness and they are giving their own ideas to improve customer services. For an instant, according to business news, a Singaporean passenger flies on SIA she found a problem Singapore girl (cabin crews) they have language dependent on communication. She comment to the management, due to her argument management came up with a solution, when they recruit the girl they clearly select the girl they have no language dependence in Asia region.
• SIA makes partnership with many world top hotels, credit card companies and Telecommunications Company. For instant KrisFlyer members who are also Samsung credit cardholders, Car rental companies. What is the advantage is they are going to give combined services to the customers. There are two opportunities customer will get advantages and these companies will get regular customers. SIA will get same profit and giving quality services to its regular customers.
• Singapore government policy is an opportunity to SIA. High tax for AirAsia bus which are carrying passengers from Johor air port. This is an opportunity for SIA, because AirAsia planned to reduce it operational cost through landing in johor. It will reduce the high tax to land on Singapore airport. If they reduce their operational cost they can reduce the travelers cost. This will pull down the SIAs Asian region market share.
• So the government policy increases the operational cost of the AirAsia. This is an opportunity the SIAs market share keep growing in Asian region.
• The two major leading commercial aircraft manufacturers known as namely Airbus and Boeing are power full suppliers to the SIA. What are the opportunities’ SIA a will get from it. The customers of the SIA will satisfy with the flights. SIA will get the high quality, high technology flights to lounge in the service in first.
• World widely they are getting political supports educated people support because “SIA practice good corporate citizenship actively through the support of arts, sports and educational initiatives, both locally and overseas. They also committed to helping the privileged, sponsoring program for the needy, involving handicapped and protesting environment”. It is opportunity to SIA.
• Free media publicity, Singapore international air won many awards. It urges the journalist to write about SIA.


Threats
• Its main competitors are Cathay Pacific Hong Kong airline, Japan airline, and Malaysian airline, their new inventions and new policy and their promotions towards Asian people reduce the growth of SIAs market share. Even though the no – frill airlines are catching their customers from SIA. For an instant AirAsia and the Johor airport, AirAsia planned to land on Johor and it decide to transport their passenger by bus from Johor to Singapore. It will reduce the operational cost and they can catch more customers from Asian region and Australia.
• Singapore International Airline has many subsidiaries world wide. They are invested widely. For instant think of Sri Lanka, their economy is going down and down because of the war. This will affect the invested companies in Sri Lanka. The instability of the economy will lead lack of storage advantages. For instant oil storage, the oil price is not in stable, it is going up and down, cannot store oil/ fuel, and high questions from the suppliers.
• Introducing new technology will lead operational cost and staff training cost.
• Government taxation, they are paying high tax and high penalties for delay are very costly it makes the return small and flying price pre mile will increase.
• The international economy non stability is a thread to SIA. War in Iraq hit the oil price. The economy falling will show non stable pricing for flying per mile. It will lead the people unhappy with the company.

what is THREAD ?

In traditional operating systems, each process has an address space and a single thread of control. In fact, that is almost the definition of a process. Nevertheless, there are frequently situations in which it is desirable to have multiple threads of control in the same address space running in quasi-parallel, as though they were separate processes (except for the shared address space). In the following sections we will discuss these situations and their implications.

OPERATING SYSTEM

EEPROM

EEPROM which stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed. When larger amounts of static data are to be stored a specific type of EEPROM such as flash memory is more economical than traditional EEPROM devices.

OPERATING SYSTEM

EPROM

An EPROM, or Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. In other words, it is non-volatile. It is an array of floating-gate transistors individually programmed by an electronic device that supplies higher voltages than those normally used in digital circuits. Once programmed, an EPROM can be erased only by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light

OPERATING SYSTEM

PROM

A programmable read-only memory is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or anti fuse. Such PROMs are used to store programs permanently.

what is ROM ?

Read-only memory is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because data stored in ROM cannot be modified, it is mainly used to distribute firmware.

what is Memory Management ?

Every computer has some main memory that it uses to hold executing programs. In a very simple operating system, only one program at a time is in memory. To run a second program, the first one has to be removed and the second one placed in memory.

More sophisticated operating systems allow multiple programs to be in memory at the same time. To keep them from interfering with one another (and with the operating system), some kind of protection mechanism is needed. While this mechanism has to be in the hardware, it is controlled by the operating system.

The above viewpoint is concerned with managing and protecting the computer’s main memory. A different, but equally important memory-related issue, is managing the address space of the processes. Normally, each process has some set of addresses it can use, typically running from 0 up to some maximum. In the simplest case, the maximum amount of address space a process has is less than the main memory. In this way, a process can fill up its address space and there will be enough room in main memory to hold it all.

However, on many computers addresses are 32 or 64 bits, giving an address space of 232 or 264 bytes, respectively. What happens if a process has more address space than the computer has main memory and the process wants to use it all? In the first computers, such a process was just out of luck. Nowadays, a technique called virtual memory exists, in which the operating system keeps part of the address space in main memory and part on disk and shuttles pieces back and forth between them as needed.

JAVA BOOK

Java Creation and Developement
Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Worth, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems, in 1991. It took 18 months to develop the first working version. This language was originally called “Oak” but it was renamed as Java in 1995. Between the initial implementation of Oak in the fall of 1992 and the public announcement in the spring of 1995, many more people contributed to the design and evolution of the language. It is a strongly typed language. First, every variable has a type, every expression has a type, and every type is strictly defined. Second, all assignments, whether explicit or via parameter in method calls, are checked for type compatibility.

1. CHAPTER ONE
2. CHAPTER TWO
3. CHAPTER THREE
4. CHAPTER FOUR
5. CHAPTER FIVE
6. CHAPTER SIX
7. CHAPTER SEVEN
8. CHAPTER EIGHT
9. CHAPTER NINE
10. CHAPTER TEN

MEMORY

The second major component in any computer is the memory. Ideally, a memory should be extremely fast (faster than executing an instruction so the CPU is not held up by the memory), abundantly large, and dirt cheap. No current technology satisfies all of these goals, so a different approach is taken. The memory system is constructed as a hierarchy of layers.

The top layer consists of the registers internal to the CPU. They are made of the same material as the CPU and are thus just as fast as the CPU. Consequently, there is no delay in accessing them. The storage capacity available in them is typically 32 x 32-bits on a 32-bit CPU and 64 x 64-bits on a 64-bit CPU. Less than 1 KB in both cases. Programs must manage the registers themselves, in software.

Next comes the cache memory, which is mostly controlled by the hardware. Main memory is divided up into cache lines, typically 64 bytes, with addresses 0 to 63 in cache fine 0, addresses 64 to 127 in cache line 1, and so on. The most heavily used cache lines are kept in a high-speed cache located inside or very close to the CPU. When the program needs to read a memory word, the cache hardware checks to see if the line needed is in the cache. If it is, called a cache hit, the request is satisfied from the cache and no memory request is sent over the bus to the main memory. Cache hits normally take about two clock cycles. Cache misses have to go to memory, with a substantial time penalty. Cache memory is limited in size due to its high cost. Some machines have two or even three levels of cache, each one slower and bigger than the one before it.

Main memory comes next. This is the workhorse of the memory system. Main memory is often called RAM (Random Access Memory). Old timers sometimes call it core memory, because computers in the 1950s and 1960s used tiny magnetizable ferrite cores for main memory. Currently, memories are tens to hundreds of megabytes and growing rapidly. All CPU requests that cannot be satisfied out of the cache go to main memory.

Next in the hierarchy is magnetic disk (hard disk). Disk storage is two orders of magnitude cheaper than RAM per bit and often two orders of magnitude larger as well. The only problem is that the time to randomly access data on it is close to three orders of magnitude slower. This low speed is due to the fact that a disk is a mechanical device, as shown in Fig. 1-8.

A disk consists of one or more metal platters that rotate at 5400, 7200, or 10,800 rpm. A mechanical arm pivots over the platters from the corner, similar to the pickup arm on an old 33 rpm phonograph for playing vinyl records. Information is written onto the disk in a series of concentric circles. At any given arm position, each of the heads can read an annular region called a track. Together, all the tracks for a given arm position form a cylinder.

Each track is divided into some number of sectors, typically 512 bytes per sector. On modern disks, the outer cylinders contain more sectors than the inner ones. Moving the arm from one cylinder to the next one takes about 1 msec. Moving it to a random cylinder typically takes 5 msec to 10 msec, depending on the drive. Once the arm is on the correct track, the drive must wait for the needed sector to rotate under the head, an additional delay of 5 msec to 10 msec, depending on the drive’s rpm. Once the sector is under the head, reading or writing occurs at a rate of 5 MB/sec on low-end disks to 160 MB/sec on faster ones.

reference from :-

Modern_Operating_Systems_2ndEd_by_Tanenbaum_Prentice_Hall

HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

A modern computer system consists of one or more processors, some main memory, disks, printers, a keyboard, a display, network interfaces, and other input/output devices. All in all, a complex system. Writing programs that keep track of all these components and use them correctly, let alone optimally, is an extremely difficult job. For this reason, computers are prepared with a layer of software called the operating system, whose job is to manage all these devices and provide user programs with a simpler interface to the hardware. We can tell it in simple word, the operating system controls the entire hardware and the application software. It provides the software platforms.

1. memory
   
2. what is Memory Management ?
3. what is ROM ?
4. what is EPROM?
5. what is PROM ?
   
6. what is EEPROM ?
7. what is THREAD ?